はじめに
愛と正義はどのような関係にあるのでしょうか。
以前、筆者は「カトリックの「平和」教育ーイエズス会の正義推進の教育ー」(『教育』第696号、国土社、2004年1月)で、カトリックの「平和」教育を紹介しました。
その際、イエズス会が愛(charity,love)と正義の関係をどう考えているのかを、1986年の『イエズス会の教育の特徴』から少しだけ紹介しました。
ここではもう少し詳しく以下の原文から直接引用して紹介します。
http://www.sjweb.info/documents/education/characteristics_en.pdf
愛(charity,love)と正義
The “decisive action” called for today is the faith that does justice: “The mission of the Society of Jesus today is the service of faith, of which the promotion of justice is an absolute requirement. For reconciliation with God demands the reconciliation of people with one another”.36 This service of the faith that does justice is action in imi-tation of Christ; it is the justice of God, which is informed by evangelical charity: “It is charity which gives force to faith, and to the desire for justice. Justice does not reach its interior fullness except in charity. Christian love both implies justice, and ex-tends the requirements of justice to the utmost limits, by providing a motivation and a new interior force. Justice without charity is not evangelical”.37 The Kingdom of God is a Kingdom of justice, love and peace.38
“Justice without charity is not evangelical(愛の無い正義は福音的ではない)”.
“charity”はキリスト教的な意味での「愛」を意味します。しかし、『リーダーズ英和辞典(第1版)』によれば、次のような意味もあります。「博愛」、「慈悲心」、「思いやり」、「仁愛」、「寛容」、「慈善」など。
『広辞苑(第6版)』によれば、「福音」には次のような意味があります。
①よろこばしいしらせ。
②イエス=キリストの説いた神の国と救いの教え。
③ゴスペル。
正義推進と平和
The promotion of justice includes, as a necessary component, action for peace. More than the absence of war, the search for peace is a search for relationships of love and trust among all men and women.
才能(talents)と神の愛(love of God)
Jesuit education helps students to realize that talents are gifts to be developed, not for self-satisfaction or selfgain, but rather, with the help of God, for the good of the hu-man community. Students are encouraged to use their gifts in the service of others, out of a love for God:17
“Today our prime educational objective must be to form men and women for others; men and women who will live not for themselves but for God and his Christ—for the God-man who lived and died for all the world; men and women who cannot even conceive of love of God which does not in-clude love for the least of their neighbors; men and women completely convinced that the love of God which does not issue in justice for men and women is a farce”.44
正義と自己充足(self-fulfilling)
In order to promote an awareness of “others”, Jesuit education stresses community values such as equality of opportunity for all, the principles of distributive and social justice, and the attitude of mind that sees service of others as more self-fulfilling than success or prosperity.45
“service of others(他者への奉仕や尽力)”は、「完全な利他主義」や「自己犠牲」や「自己否定」ではなく、“self-fulfilling(自己の充足や充満や成就や完成)”として捉えられています。
キリストの特別な愛(a special love)と貧しい人々(the poor)を優先する選択
Reflecting on the actual situation of today’s world and responding to the call of Christ who had a special love and concern for the poor, the church and the Society of Jesus have made a “preferential option”47 for the poor. This includes those without eco-nomic means, the handicapped, the marginalized and all those who are, in any sense, unable to live a life of full human dignity. In Jesuit education this option is reflected both in the students that are admitted and in the type of formation that is given.
おわりに
幾つかの問題は残ります。
①今なぜ愛と正義か。
②なぜカトリック、特にイエズス会か。
「大衆国家」のメリトクラシー(能力原理)との関係で少しだけ答えます。
メリトクラシーと結合した公正な機会均等原理は、正義と考えられる傾向があります。例えば、ジョン・ロールズの正義論。
ロールズの正義論には、「格差原理」もあります。
しかし、愛(charity,love)は「社会制度論としての正義論」に完全に解消出来るのでしょうか。
もし社会制度論に完全に解消した場合、“charity”も“love”も“virtue”も無くなってしまうのではないでしょうか。
事実の場合、それは本当に良いことなのでしょうか。